1 Moore GJ, et al. “Lithium-induced increase in human brain grey matter.” Lancet 2000; 356: 1,241-1,242

2 Chuang D, Hashimoto R, Kanai H, Leeds P, Senatorov V. “Lithium stimulates progenitor proliferation in cultured brain neurons.” Neuroscience 2003; 117(1): 55-61

3 Chuang D, Christ L, Fujimaki K, Hashimoto R, Jeong MR. “Lithium-induced inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase in rat cerebral cortical neurons: A role in neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity.” FEBS Letters 2003; 538(1-3): 45-148

4 Hashimoto R, Takei N, Shimazu K, Christ L, Lu B, Chuang DM. “Lithium induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activates TrkB in rodent cortical neurons: an essential step for neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity.” Neuropharmacology 2002; 43: 1,173-1,179

5 Ren M, Kanai H, Chuang DM, Chen RW, Chalecka-Franaszek E, Qin ZH. “Regulation of c-Jun n-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase in cultured brain neurons: Roles of glutamate and lithium.” Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 2001; 27(1): 259

6 Chuang D. “Lithium exerts robust neuroprotective effects in vitro and in the CNS in vivo: Therapeutic implications.” Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23(S2): S39

7 Nonaka S, Hough CJ, Chuang DM. “Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998; 95(5): 2,642-2,647

8 Chuang D, Christ L, Fujimaki K, Hashimoto R, Jeong MR. “Lithium-induced inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase in rat cerebral cortical neurons: A role in neuroprotection against N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity.” FEBS Letters 2003; 538(1-3): 45-148

9 Manji HK, Chen G, Moore GJ. “Lithium at 50: Have the neuroprotective effects of this unique cation been overlooked?” Biological Psychiatry 1999; 46(7): 929-940 

10 Williams R, Harwood AJ. “Lithium therapy and signal transduction.” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2000; 21(2): 61-64

11 Lenox RH, Hahn CG. “Overview of the mechanism of action of lithium in the brain: Fifty-year update.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000; 61 (Supplement 9): 5-15

12 Nonaka S, Chuang DM. “Neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium on focal cererbral ischemia in rats.” Neuroreport 1998; 9(9): 2,081-2,084

13 Nonaka S, Katsube N, Chuang D. “Lithium protects rat cerebellar granule cells against apoptosis induced by anticonvulsants, phenytoin and carbamazepine.” Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1998; 286(1): 539-547

14 Manji, HK; Chen G; Moore GJ. “Lithium up-regulates the cytoprotective protein Bcl-2 in the CNS in vivo: A role for neurotropic and neuroprotective effects in manic depressive illness.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000; 61(9): 82-96

15 Tsai G, Coyle JT. “N-acetyl aspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders.” Prog Neurobiol 1995; 46: 531-540

16 Moore GJ et al. “Lithium Increases N-acetyl aspartate in the human brain: in vivo evidence in support of bcl-2’s neurotrophic effects?” Biol Psych 2000; 48:1-8

17 Williams R, Harwood AJ. “Lithium therapy and signal transduction.” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2000; 21(2); 61-64

18 Lenox R, Hahn C. “Overview of the mechanism of action of lithium in the brain: Fifty-year update.” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000; 61(Supplement 9): 5-15

19 Weeks O, Volmar CH. “Lithium and spatial memory: A new pathway?” Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 2001; 27(1): 845

20 Takashima A, Murayama M, Murayama O, Park J, Sato S, Sun X, Yamaguchi H. “Lithium inhibits amyloid secretion in COS7 cells transfected with amyloid precursor protein C100.” Neuroscience Letters 2002; 321(1-2): 61-64 

21 Chuang D, Chen R, Leeds P, Qian Y, Wei H, Wei W. “beta-Amyloid peptide-induced death of PC 12 cells and cerebellar granule cell neurons is inhibited by long-term lithium treatment.” European Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 392(3): 117-123

22 Diaz-Nido J, Alvarez G, Avila J, Bogonez E, Munoz-Montano JR, Satrustegui J. “Lithium protects cultured neurons against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration.” FEBS Letters 1999; 453(3): 260-264

23 ibid.

24 Munoz-Montano JR, Moreno FJ, Avila J, Diaz-Nido J. “Lithium inhibits Alzheimer's disease-like tau protein phosphorylation in neurons” FEBS Letters 1997; 411(2-3): 183-188

25 Radesater A, Peterson E, Nilsson Y, Luthman J, Leonov S, Budd SL, Bhat RV, Backstrom A. “Inhibition of GSK3beta by lithium attenuates tau phosphorylation and degeneration.” Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 2001; 27(1): 1,437